Page 24 - VOL29_N_75_2017

technique allows measurement of quantitative EBD-values and detection of small amounts of dye in lymph nodes. However, it remains essential to resect the dye stained lymph nodes. In fundamental studies, the spectrophotometric technique is an interesting and precise alternative procedure to other blue dye quantifying techniques such as the measurement of blue colour intensity by a digital camera (Sutton et al., 2002) .
CONCLUSION
This study primarily was carried out to detect Volume Change, Lymphatic Fluid Stasis and Functional Substitution Lymphatic Pathways in the front paw of a rat model 12 weeks following complete AND performed through an innovative posterior surgical approach.
Contrary to the hypothesis forwarded in the literature, the obtained results of the present study indicate that complete AND in a rat does not necessarily induce a LFS 12 weeks following the surgical procedure. LFS is considered the initial pathological event leading to a secondary lymphoedema. Regeneration of lymphatic pathways and FLSP, especially of “lymphatic perforating vessels”, occurred following AND in the front paw of a rat model and seem to be the key in preventing LFS and secondary lymphoedema.
In humans, lymphatic perforating vessels of the upper limb have been described in the literature to rarely take place in healthy individuals and were also observed in a cadaver of a breast cancer operated woman without clinical sign of BCRL. Prevention and treatment of BCRL following breast cancer surgery aims at an earlier opening and better function of all functional lymphatic pathways and Lymphatic Substitution Lymphatic Pathways trying to improve the lymph flow with external mechanical skin massage like MLD or other types of external massage.
The authors also evaluated the effect of stochastic vibrations (Andullation®) on the lymph flow in mice by spectrophotometrically analysing dye accumulation in their popliteal and sacral nodes. The results demonstrated a significant increase in dye accumulation in the lymph nodes. Short time exposures to vibrations generated by Andullation technology improve reabsorption and lymphatic flow. The results are encouraging and provide new data regarding the value of horizontal whole body vibrations for the lymphatic circulatory system.
In addition to the validated physical techniques such as MLD, the submitted findings in both fundamental studies arouse the necessity to consider vibrations as a future potential biophysical option in the treatment of lymphatic diseases.
This original papier corresponds to the free oral communication in 2016 which was rewarded with the Isidoro Caplan price at the XXXXII ESL Congress in Mulhouse, France.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the International Association for Andullation Technology for its support during this study as well as the external collaborators, Fabian Persigny, Johan Develon and Thierry Delorraine for the design and production of the near infrared camera system.
THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LYMPHOLOGY - Vol. XXIX - Nr. 75 - 2017
REFERENCES
Aschen S., Zampell J.C., Elhadad S., Weitman E., De Brot M., Mehrara B.J. (2012): Regulation of adipogenesis by lymphatic fluid stasis: part II. Expression of adipose differentiation genes. Plast Reconstr Surg, 129: 838-47.
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182450b47.
Becker C. (1987): Transplantation of lymph nodes. An alternative
method for treatment of lymphedema. In: H. Partsch (Ed.), 11th International Congress of Lymphology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (Excerpta Medica), Vienna, Austria. pp. 487-93.
Ferlay J., Autier P., Boniol M., Heanue M., Colombet M., Boyle P. (2007): Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol, 18: 581-92.
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl498.
Gashev A.A., Nagai T., Bridenbaugh E.A. (2010): Indocyanine green and lymphatic imaging: current problems. Lymphat Res Biol, 8: 127-30. DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2010.0005.
Germonpre P., Pontier J.M., Gempp E., Blatteau J.E., Deneweth S., Lafere P., Marroni A., Balestra C. (2009): Pre-dive vibration effect on bubble formation after a 30-m dive requiring a decompression stop. Aviat Space Environ Med, 80: 1044-8.
Greco K.V., Lara P.F., Oliveira-Filho R.M., Greco R.V., Sudo-Hayashi L.S. (2006): Lymphatic regeneration across an incisional wound: inhibition by dexamethasone and aspirin, and acceleration by a micronized purified flavonoid fraction. Eur J Pharmacol, 551: 131-42.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.090.
Hadamitzky C., Pabst R. (2008): Acquired lymphedema: an urgent
need for adequate animal models. Cancer Res, 68: 343-5.
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2454.
Harada M., Takeuchi M., Fukao T., Katagiri K. (1971): A simple
method for the quantitative extraction of dye extravasated into
the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol, 23: 218-9.
Kanter M.A., Slavin S.A., Kaplan W. (1990): An experimental
model for chronic lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg, 85: 573-80. Kim M., Kim S.W., Lee S.U., Lee N.K., Jung S.Y., Kim T.H., Lee
E.S., Kang H.S., Shin K.H. (2013): A model to estimate the risk of breast cancer-related lymphedema: combinations of treatment-related factors of the number of dissected axillary nodes, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 86: 498-503.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.02.018.
Leclers D., Durand K., Dutour A., Barriere G., Monteil J., Rigaud
M., Sturtz F. (2005): [Lymphatic vessels and cancer]. Med Sci
(Paris) 21:839-47. DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20052110839. Leduc A., Caplan I., Leduc O. (1993-1994): Lymphatic drainage
of the upper limb. Substitution lymphatic pathways.
The European Journal of Lymphology and related problems, 4:
11-18.
Leduc A., Caplan I., Lievens P. (1981): Traitement physique de
l’oedème du bras. Masson ed. Monographies de Bois-Larris,
Paris.
Leduc O., Crasset V., Leleu C., Baptiste N., Koziel A., Delahaie C.,
Pastouret F., Wilputte F., Leduc A. (2011): Impact of manual lymphatic drainage on hemodynamic parameters in patients with heart failure and lower limb edema. Lymphology, 44: 13-20.
Lee-Donaldson L., Witte M.H., Bernas M., Witte C.L., Way D., Stea B. (1999): Refinement of a rodent model of peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology, 32: 111-7.
20